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(No Model.) 2 SheetsSheet 1.

G. D. BARNARD. BOOK.

No. 399,469. Patented Mar. 12, 1889.

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(No Model.) 2 Sheets-Sheet 2. G. D. BARNARD.

BOOK.

No. 399,469. Patented Mar. 12, 1889.

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UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE.

GEORGE D. BARNARD, OF .T. LOUIS, MISSOURI.

BOOK.

SPECIFICATION forming part of Letters Patent No. 399,469, dated March12, 1889.

I Application filed March 2,1888. Serial No. 265,973. (No model.)

T0 (LZZ whom it may concern.-

Be it known that I, GEORGE l'). BARNARD, of St. Louis, Missouri, havemade a new and useful Improvement in Books, of which the following is afull, clear, and exact description.

The improvement relates to that class of books in which the signaturesare attached to guards or strips, which in turn are attached to whateverconstitutes the book-back. The improvement consists in the specialmanner of constructing the guard or strip and attaching it to thesignature and back, substantially as is hereinafter described andclaimed, and as illustrated in the annexed drawings, making part of thisspecification, in which Figure 1 is a view in perspective showing asignature attached to a guard; Fig. 2, an end elevation of the same.Fig. 3 a view in perspective showing signatures attached to theirrespective guards, the guards in turn being attached to each other and aback-strap being attached to the guards; Fig. 4, an end elevation of theparts of Fig. 3; 5, an end elevation showing all the guards in positionand attached together and to the backstrap and some of the signaturesattached to their guards; and Fig. 6 is a view looking toward the rearof the back-strap and show ing the mode of attaching it to the guards.

The same letters of reference denote the same parts.

The book-cover, as well as other parts not essential. to anunderstanding of the improve ment, are not shown.

A, Figs. 1 and 2, represents a signal urc of the book.

B represents the improved guard. It is, when in position-that is, whenits inner edge is attached to the back-straps and its outer edge to thesignature a stiff strip interposedbetween the leaves and the back, andserving, when. the book is opened, to raise the inner edge of thesignature and form a bearing upon which the signature, or any of theleaves of the signature, can turn. It is composed in practice of anysuitable material, such as cloth stiffened either by employing a numberof folds of the cloth, or by combining paper or pasteboard with cloth,or by treating the cloth with some cement calculated to give body to it.

To enable the signature to be hinged to the outer edge of the guard, it(the guard) is made to open at its inner edge, I), and the signature isattached by sewing it to the middle of the opened guard, substantiallyas shown at 0, Figs. 1 and The guard is attached to the back, which iscomposed of straps-such as D, Figs. 3, 4:, 5, and 6b v closing its foldsZ9 Z1 and sewing them together and to the straps, as follows: in eachfold of the guard is a series of perforations, U, the perforations inone of the folds being respectively opposite those in the other of thefolds. The fold l) of one signature-gustrd is attached to the fold b ofthe adjoining signature-guard by sewing, E, Figs. and l. The adjoiningguards are similarly united, the sewing E being passed through theperforations I). The same stitching E is, as each guard is joined to thepreceding guard, carried around the strap D, as shown in Figs. 3, l, and5, and the guards are finally united to the back-straps, as shown inFig. 5. These perforations If greatly facilitatc and eheapen theoperation of uniting the guards to each other and to the straps, andthey also serve to direct the lines of stitching, so that said linesshall come oppo site each. other in the two folds of a guari'l, and alsoin all the guards when assembled in the book, thereby enabling thebook-leaves to be held to better advantage and to be opened moreuniformly and the signatures to be more readily registered, and afteronce adjusted vertically to be more firmly held in place.

I desire to state that I do not in this application claim thesubject-matter described and claimed in a pending application of minefor Letters Patent for an improvement in books, Serial No. 2i7,l64,filed August 20,

.1887; nor do I claim the subject-matter de each other and with thestraps, substantially WVitness my hand this 28th day of Febru- 10 asdescribed. my, 1888.

3. The combination of the straps, the

v GEO. DIBARNARD. guards, and the slgnatures, Stld guards belng' 5folded, stiffened, and perfomted, and the \Vitnesses:

guards being connected with each other and O. D. MOQDY, with the straps,substantially as described. E. T. UsTIOK.

